INFLUENCE OF HOST STAGE ON OVIPOSITION, DEVELOPMENT, AND SEX RATIO OF Anagyrus lopezi (DE SANTIS) (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), A PARASITOID OF THE CASSAVA MEALYBUG, Phenacoccus manihoti MATILE-FERRERO 1 (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE)
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Abstract
Influence of host stage on oviposition, development, and sex ratio of Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae),
a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The parasitoid
Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was introduced from Thailand into Indonesia in early 2014 to control
the invasive cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Because of the need to
produce large numbers of high-quality females, research was conducted in the laboratory to determine host stage preference
for A. lopezi on different instars of P. manihoti. Individual female wasps were exposed to first, second, third instar nymphs,
and pre-reproductive adult mealybugs. In the no-choice test, the frequency of parasitized hosts and the number of eggs laid
per host was significantly higher in second and third instar nymphs as well as adult mealybugs compared to first instar
nymphs. In the two-choice test, third instars nymphs and adult mealybugs were the most preferred host for oviposition.
Immature development of parasitoids was faster and the ratio of female to male parasitoids was higher following oviposition
in second and third instar nymphs and pre-reproductive adult hosts, compared to the first instar nymphs. Our findings
indicate that the use of pre-reproductive adults as hosts in a mass-rearing program would be the most productive and fastest
way to produce A. lopezi populations with a female-biased sex ratio. Field release of parasitoids should be conducted when
the host’s third instar nymph is the most abundant because the period during which preferred and suitable host stages are
available would be the longest.
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